BUS_SPACE(9) | Kernel Developer's Manual | BUS_SPACE(9)

# NAME

`bus_space`, `bus_space_alloc`, `bus_space_barrier`, `bus_space_copy_1`, `bus_space_copy_2`, `bus_space_copy_4`, `bus_space_copy_8`, `bus_space_free`, `bus_space_map`, `bus_space_mmap`, `bus_space_read_1`, `bus_space_read_2`, `bus_space_read_4`, `bus_space_read_8`, `bus_space_read_multi_1`, `bus_space_read_multi_2`, `bus_space_read_multi_4`, `bus_space_read_multi_8`, `bus_space_read_raw_multi_2`, `bus_space_read_raw_multi_4`, `bus_space_read_raw_multi_8`, `bus_space_read_raw_2`, `bus_space_read_raw_4`, `bus_space_read_raw_8`, `bus_space_read_region_1`, `bus_space_read_region_2`, `bus_space_read_region_4`, `bus_space_read_region_8`, `bus_space_read_raw_region_2`, `bus_space_read_raw_region_4`, `bus_space_read_raw_region_8`, `bus_space_set_multi_1`, `bus_space_set_multi_2`, `bus_space_set_multi_4`, `bus_space_set_multi_8`, `bus_space_set_region_1`, `bus_space_set_region_2`, `bus_space_set_region_4`, `bus_space_set_region_8`, `bus_space_subregion`, `bus_space_unmap`, `bus_space_vaddr`, `bus_space_write_1`, `bus_space_write_2`, `bus_space_write_4`, `bus_space_write_8`, `bus_space_write_multi_1`, `bus_space_write_multi_2`, `bus_space_write_multi_4`, `bus_space_write_multi_8`, `bus_space_write_raw_2`, `bus_space_write_raw_4`, `bus_space_write_raw_8`, `bus_space_write_raw_multi_2`, `bus_space_write_raw_multi_4`, `bus_space_write_raw_multi_8`, `bus_space_write_region_1`, `bus_space_write_region_2`, `bus_space_write_region_4`, `bus_space_write_region_8`, `bus_space_write_raw_region_2`, `bus_space_write_raw_region_4`, `bus_space_write_raw_region_8` — bus space manipulation functions

# SYNOPSIS

`#include <machine/bus.h>`

int
`bus_space_map`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_addr_t address, bus_size_t size, int flags, bus_space_handle_t *handlep);

void
`bus_space_unmap`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t size);

int
`bus_space_subregion`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, bus_size_t size, bus_space_handle_t *nhandlep);

int
`bus_space_alloc`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_addr_t reg_start, bus_addr_t reg_end, bus_size_t size, bus_size_t alignment, bus_size_t boundary, int flags, bus_addr_t *addrp, bus_space_handle_t *handlep);

void
`bus_space_free`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t size);

void *
`bus_space_vaddr`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle);

paddr_t
`bus_space_mmap`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_addr_t addr, off_t off, int prot, int flags);

u_int8_t
`bus_space_read_1`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset);

u_int16_t
`bus_space_read_2`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset);

u_int32_t
`bus_space_read_4`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset);

u_int64_t
`bus_space_read_8`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset);

u_int16_t
`bus_space_read_raw_2`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset);

u_int32_t
`bus_space_read_raw_4`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset);

u_int64_t
`bus_space_read_raw_8`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset);

void
`bus_space_write_1`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int8_t value);

void
`bus_space_write_2`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int16_t value);

void
`bus_space_write_4`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int32_t value);

void
`bus_space_write_8`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int64_t value);

void
`bus_space_write_raw_2`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int16_t value);

void
`bus_space_write_raw_4`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int32_t value);

void
`bus_space_write_raw_8`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int64_t value);

void
`bus_space_barrier`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, bus_size_t length, int flags);

void
`bus_space_read_region_1`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int8_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_read_region_2`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int16_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_read_region_4`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int32_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_read_region_8`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int64_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_read_raw_region_2`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int8_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_read_raw_region_4`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int8_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_read_raw_region_8`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int8_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_write_region_1`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, const u_int8_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_write_region_2`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, const u_int16_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_write_region_4`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, const u_int32_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_write_region_8`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, const u_int64_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_write_raw_region_2`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, const u_int8_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_write_raw_region_4`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, const u_int8_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_write_raw_region_8`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, const u_int8_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_copy_1`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t srchandle, bus_size_t srcoffset, bus_space_handle_t dsthandle, bus_size_t dstoffset, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_copy_2`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t srchandle, bus_size_t srcoffset, bus_space_handle_t dsthandle, bus_size_t dstoffset, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_copy_4`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t srchandle, bus_size_t srcoffset, bus_space_handle_t dsthandle, bus_size_t dstoffset, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_copy_8`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t srchandle, bus_size_t srcoffset, bus_space_handle_t dsthandle, bus_size_t dstoffset, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_set_multi_1`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int8_t value, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_set_multi_2`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int16_t value, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_set_multi_4`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int32_t value, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_set_multi_8`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int64_t value, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_set_region_1`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int8_t value, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_set_region_2`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int16_t value, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_set_region_4`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int32_t value, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_set_region_8`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int64_t value, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_read_multi_1`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int8_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_read_multi_2`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int16_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_read_multi_4`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int32_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_read_multi_8`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int64_t *datap, bus_size_t count);

void
`bus_space_read_raw_multi_2`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int8_t *datap, bus_size_t size);

void
`bus_space_read_raw_multi_4`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int8_t *datap, bus_size_t size);

void
`bus_space_read_raw_multi_8`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, u_int8_t *datap, bus_size_t size);

void
`bus_space_write_multi_1`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, const u_int8_t *datap, bus_size_t size);

void
`bus_space_write_multi_2`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, const u_int16_t *datap, bus_size_t size);

void
`bus_space_write_multi_4`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, const u_int32_t *datap, bus_size_t size);

void
`bus_space_write_multi_8`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, const u_int64_t *datap, bus_size_t size);

void
`bus_space_write_raw_multi_2`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, const u_int8_t *datap, bus_size_t size);

void
`bus_space_write_raw_multi_4`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, const u_int8_t *datap, bus_size_t size);

void
`bus_space_write_raw_multi_8`(bus_space_tag_t space, bus_space_handle_t handle, bus_size_t offset, const u_int8_t *datap, bus_size_t size);

# DESCRIPTION

The `bus_space` functions exist to allow device drivers machine-independent access to bus memory and register areas. All of the functions and types described in this document can be used by including the `<machine/bus.h>` header file.

Many common devices are used on multiple architectures, but are accessed differently on each because of architectural constraints. For instance, a device which is mapped in one system's I/O space may be mapped in memory space on a second system. On a third system, architectural limitations might change the way registers need to be accessed (e.g. creating a non-linear register space). In some cases, a single driver may need to access the same type of device in multiple ways in a single system or architecture. The goal of the `bus_space` functions is to allow a single driver source file to manipulate a set of devices on different system architectures, and to allow a single driver object file to manipulate a set of devices on multiple bus types on a single architecture.

Not all buses have to implement all functions described in this document, though that is encouraged if the operations are logically supported by the bus. Unimplemented functions should cause compile-time errors if possible.

All of the interface definitions described in this document are shown as function prototypes and discussed as if they were required to be functions. Implementations are encouraged to implement prototyped (type-checked) versions of these interfaces, but may implement them as macros if appropriate. Machine-dependent types, variables, and functions should be marked clearly in `<machine/bus.h>` to avoid confusion with the machine-independent types and functions, and, if possible, should be given names which make the machine-dependence clear.

# CONCEPTS AND GUIDELINES

Bus spaces are described by bus space tags, which can be created only by machine-dependent code. A given machine may have several different types of bus space (e.g. memory space and I/O space), and thus may provide multiple different bus space tags. Individual buses or devices on a machine may use more than one bus space tag. For instance, ISA devices are given an ISA memory space tag and an ISA I/O space tag. Architectures may have several different tags which represent the same type of space, for instance because of multiple different host bus interface chipsets.

A range in bus space is described by a bus address and a bus size. The bus address describes the start of the range in bus space. The bus size describes the size of the range in bytes. Buses which are not byte addressable may require use of bus space ranges with appropriately aligned addresses and properly rounded sizes.

Access to regions of bus space is facilitated by use of bus space handles, which are usually created by mapping a specific range of a bus space. Handles may also be created by allocating and mapping a range of bus space, the actual location of which is picked by the implementation within bounds specified by the caller of the allocation function.

All of the bus space access functions require one bus space tag argument, at least one handle argument, and at least one offset argument (a bus size). The bus space tag specifies the space, each handle specifies a region in the space, and each offset specifies the offset into the region of the actual location(s) to be accessed. Offsets are given in bytes, though buses may impose alignment constraints. The offset used to access data relative to a given handle must be such that all of the data being accessed is in the mapped region that the handle describes. Trying to access data outside that region is an error.

Because some architectures' memory systems use buffering to improve memory and device access performance, there is a mechanism which can be used to create “barriers” in the bus space read and write stream. There are three types of barriers: read, write, and read/write. All reads started to the region before a read barrier must complete before any reads after the read barrier are started. The analogous requirement is true for write barriers. Read/write barriers force all reads and writes started before the barrier to complete before any reads or writes after the barrier are started. Correctly-written drivers will include all appropriate barriers, and assume only the read/write ordering imposed by the barrier operations.

People trying to write portable drivers with the `bus_space` functions should try to make minimal assumptions about what the system allows. In particular, they should expect that the system requires bus space addresses being accessed to be naturally aligned (i.e. base address of handle added to offset is a multiple of the access size), and that the system does alignment checking on pointers (i.e. pointer to objects being read and written must point to properly-aligned data).

The descriptions of the `bus_space` functions given below all assume that they are called with proper arguments. If called with invalid arguments or arguments that are out of range (e.g. trying to access data outside of the region mapped when a given handle was created), undefined behaviour results. In that case, they may cause the system to halt, either intentionally (via panic) or unintentionally (by causing a fatal trap or by some other means) or may cause improper operation which is not immediately fatal. Functions which return void or which return data read from bus space (i.e. functions which don't obviously return an error code) do not fail. They could only fail if given invalid arguments, and in that case their behaviour is undefined. Functions which take a count of bytes have undefined results if the specified count is zero.

# TYPES

Several types are defined in `<machine/bus.h>` to facilitate use of the `bus_space` functions by drivers.

bus_addr_t

  The bus_addr_t type is used to describe bus addresses. It must be an unsigned integral type capable of holding the largest bus address usable by the architecture. This type is primarily used when mapping and unmapping bus space.

bus_size_t

  The bus_size_t type is used to describe sizes of ranges in bus space. It must be an unsigned integral type capable of holding the size of the largest bus address range usable on the architecture. This type is used by virtually all of the `bus_space` functions, describing sizes when mapping regions and offsets into regions when performing space access operations.

bus_space_tag_t

  The bus_space_tag_t type is used to describe a particular bus space on a machine. Its contents are machine-dependent and should be considered opaque by machine-independent code. This type is used by all `bus_space` functions to name the space on which they're operating.

bus_space_handle_t

  The bus_space_handle_t type is used to describe a mapping of a range of bus space. Its contents are machine-dependent and should be considered opaque by machine-independent code. This type is used when performing bus space access operations.

# MAPPING AND UNMAPPING BUS SPACE

Bus space must be mapped before it can be used, and should be unmapped when it is no longer needed. The `bus_space_map`() and `bus_space_unmap`() functions provide these capabilities.

Some drivers need to be able to pass a subregion of already-mapped bus space to another driver or module within a driver. The `bus_space_subregion`() function allows such subregions to be created.

`bus_space_map`(space, address, size, flags, handlep)

  The `bus_space_map`() function maps the region of bus space named by the space, address, and size arguments. If successful, it returns zero and fills in the bus space handle pointed to by handlep with the handle that can be used to access the mapped region. If unsuccessful, it will return non-zero and leave the bus space handle pointed to by handlep in an undefined state.

  The flags argument controls how the space is to be mapped. Supported flags include:

  `BUS_SPACE_MAP_CACHEABLE`
    Try to map the space so that access can be cached by the system cache. If this flag is not specified, the implementation should map the space so that it will not be cached. This mapping method will only be useful in very rare occasions.

    This flag must have a value of 1 on all implementations for backward compatibility.

  `BUS_SPACE_MAP_PREFETCHABLE`
    Try to map the space so that accesses can be prefetched by the system, and writes can be buffered. This means, accesses should be side effect free (idempotent). The `bus_space_barrier`() methods will flush the write buffer or force actual read accesses. If this flag is not specified, the implementation should map the space so that it will not be prefetched or delayed.
  `BUS_SPACE_MAP_LINEAR`
    Try to map the space so that its contents can be accessed linearly via normal memory access methods (e.g. pointer dereferencing and structure accesses). The `bus_space_vaddr`() method can be used to obtain the kernel virtual address of the mapped range. This is useful when software wants to do direct access to a memory device, e.g. a frame buffer. If this flag is specified and linear mapping is not possible, the `bus_space_map`() call should fail. If this flag is not specified, the system may map the space in whatever way is most convenient. Use of this mapping method is not encouraged for normal device access; where linear access is not essential, use of the `bus_space_read/write`() methods is strongly recommended.

  `BUS_SPACE_MAP_CACHEABLE` may be meaningless when used on many systems' I/O port spaces. and on some systems `BUS_SPACE_MAP_LINEAR` without `BUS_SPACE_MAP_PREFETCHABLE` may never work. When the system hardware or firmware provides hints as to how spaces should be mapped (e.g. the PCI memory mapping registers' "prefetchable" bit), those hints should be followed for maximum compatibility. On some systems, requesting a mapping that cannot be satisfied (e.g. requesting a non-prefetchable mapping when the system can only provide a prefetchable one) will cause the request to fail.

  Some implementations may keep track of use of bus space for some or all bus spaces and refuse to allow duplicate allocations. This is encouraged for bus spaces which have no notion of slot-specific space addressing, such as ISA and VME, and for spaces which coexist with those spaces (e.g. EISA and PCI memory and I/O spaces coexisting with ISA memory and I/O spaces).

  Mapped regions may contain areas for which there is no device on the bus. If space in those areas is accessed, the results are bus-dependent.

`bus_space_unmap`(space, handle, size)

  The `bus_space_unmap`() function unmaps a region of bus space mapped with `bus_space_map`(). When unmapping a region, the size specified should be the same as the size given to `bus_space_map`() when mapping that region.

  After `bus_space_unmap`() is called on a handle, that handle is no longer valid. If copies were made of the handle they are no longer valid, either.

  This function will never fail. If it would fail (e.g. because of an argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a panic. In that case, `bus_space_unmap`() will never return.

`bus_space_subregion`(space, handle, offset, size, nhandlep)

  The `bus_space_subregion`() function is a convenience function which makes a new handle to some subregion of an already-mapped region of bus space. The subregion described by the new handle starts at byte offset offset into the region described by handle, with the size give by size, and must be wholly contained within the original region.

  If successful, `bus_space_subregion`() returns zero and fills in the bus space handle pointed to by nhandlep. If unsuccessful, it returns non-zero and leaves the bus space handle pointed to by nhandlep in an undefined state. In either case, the handle described by handle remains valid and is unmodified.

  When done with a handle created by `bus_space_subregion`(), the handle should be thrown away. Under no circumstances should `bus_space_unmap`() be used on the handle. Doing so may confuse any resource management being done on the space, and will result in undefined behaviour. When `bus_space_unmap`() or `bus_space_free`() is called on a handle, all subregions of that handle become invalid.

`bus_space_vaddr`(tag, handle)

  This method returns the kernel virtual address of a mapped bus space if and only if it was mapped with the `BUS_SPACE_MAP_LINEAR` flag. The range can be accessed by normal (volatile) pointer dereferences. If mapped with the `BUS_SPACE_MAP_PREFETCHABLE` flag, the `bus_space_barrier`() method must be used to force a particular access order.

`bus_space_mmap`(tag, addr, off, prot, flags)

  This method is used to provide support for memory mapping bus space into user applications. If an address space is addressable via volatile pointer dereferences, `bus_space_mmap`() will return the physical address (possibly encoded as a machine-dependent cookie) of the bus space indicated by addr and off. addr is the base address of the device or device region, and off is the offset into that region that is being requested. If the region cannot be mapped (either the address does not exist, or the constraints cannot be met), `bus_space_mmap`() returns -1 to indicate failure.

  Note that it is not necessary that the region being requested by a `bus_space_mmap`() call be mapped into a bus_space_handle_t.

  `bus_space_mmap`() is called once per `PAGE_SIZE` page in the range. The prot argument indicates the memory protection requested by the user application for the range.

# ALLOCATING AND FREEING BUS SPACE

Some devices require or allow bus space to be allocated by the operating system for device use. When the devices no longer need the space, the operating system should free it for use by other devices. The `bus_space_alloc`() and `bus_space_free`() functions provide these capabilities.

`bus_space_alloc`(space, reg_start, reg_end, size, alignment, boundary, flags, addrp, handlep);

  The `bus_space_alloc`() function allocates and maps a region of bus space with the size given by size, corresponding to the given constraints. If successful, it returns zero, fills in the bus address pointed to by addrp with the bus space address of the allocated region, and fills in the bus space handle pointed to by handlep with the handle that can be used to access that region. If unsuccessful, it returns non-zero and leaves the bus address pointed to by addrp and the bus space handle pointed to by handlep in an undefined state.

  Constraints on the allocation are given by the reg_start, reg_end, alignment, and boundary parameters. The allocated region will start at or after reg_start and end before or at reg_end. The alignment constraint must be a power of two, and the allocated region will start at an address that is an even multiple of that power of two. The boundary constraint, if non-zero, ensures that the region is allocated so that first address in region / boundary has the same value as last address in region / boundary. If the constraints cannot be met, `bus_space_alloc`() will fail. It is an error to specify a set of constraints that can never be met (for example, size greater than boundary).

  The flags parameter is the same as the like-named parameter to `bus_space_map`(), the same flag values should be used, and they have the same meanings.

  Handles created by `bus_space_alloc`() should only be freed with `bus_space_free`(). Trying to use `bus_space_unmap`() on them causes undefined behaviour. The `bus_space_subregion`() function can be used on handles created by `bus_space_alloc`().

`bus_space_free`(space, handle, size)

  The `bus_space_free`() function unmaps and frees a region of bus space mapped and allocated with `bus_space_alloc`(). When unmapping a region, the size specified should be the same as the size given to `bus_space_alloc`() when allocating the region.

  After `bus_space_free`() is called on a handle, that handle is no longer valid. If copies were made of the handle, they are no longer valid, either.

  This function will never fail. If it would fail (e.g. because of an argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a panic. In that case, `bus_space_free`() will never return.

# READING AND WRITING SINGLE DATA ITEMS

The simplest way to access bus space is to read or write a single data item. The `bus_space_read_N`() and `bus_space_write_N`() families of functions provide the ability to read and write 1, 2, 4, and 8 byte data items on buses which support those access sizes.

`bus_space_read_1`(space, handle, offset)
`bus_space_read_2`(space, handle, offset)
`bus_space_read_4`(space, handle, offset)
`bus_space_read_8`(space, handle, offset)

  The `bus_space_read_N`() family of functions reads a 1, 2, 4, or 8 byte data item from the offset specified by offset into the region specified by handle of the bus space specified by space. The location being read must lie within the bus space region specified by handle.

  For portability, the starting address of the region specified by handle plus the offset should be a multiple of the size of data item being read. On some systems, not obeying this requirement may cause incorrect data to be read, on others it may cause a system crash.

  Read operations done by the `bus_space_read_N`() functions may be executed out of order with respect to other pending read and write operations unless order is enforced by use of the `bus_space_barrier`() function.

  These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a panic. In that case, they will never return.

`bus_space_write_1`(space, handle, offset, value)
`bus_space_write_2`(space, handle, offset, value)
`bus_space_write_4`(space, handle, offset, value)
`bus_space_write_8`(space, handle, offset, value)

  The `bus_space_write_N`() family of functions writes a 1, 2, 4, or 8 byte data item to the offset specified by offset into the region specified by handle of the bus space specified by space. The location being written must lie within the bus space region specified by handle.

  For portability, the starting address of the region specified by handle plus the offset should be a multiple of the size of data item being written. On some systems, not obeying this requirement may cause incorrect data to be written, on others it may cause a system crash.

  Write operations done by the `bus_space_write_N`() functions may be executed out of order with respect to other pending read and write operations unless order is enforced by use of the `bus_space_barrier`() function.

  These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a panic. In that case, they will never return.

# BARRIERS

In order to allow high-performance buffering implementations to avoid bus activity on every operation, read and write ordering should be specified explicitly by drivers when necessary. The `bus_space_barrier`() function provides that ability.

`bus_space_barrier`(space, handle, offset, length, flags)

  The `bus_space_barrier`() function enforces ordering of bus space read and write operations for the specified subregion (described by the offset and length parameters) of the region named by handle in the space named by space.

  The flags argument controls what types of operations are to be ordered. Supported flags are:

  `BUS_SPACE_BARRIER_READ`
    Synchronize read operations.
  `BUS_SPACE_BARRIER_WRITE`
    Synchronize write operations.

  Those flags can be combined (or-ed together) to enforce ordering on both read and write operations.

  All of the specified type(s) of operation which are done to the region before the barrier operation are guaranteed to complete before any of the specified type(s) of operation done after the barrier.

  Example: Consider a hypothetical device with two single-byte ports, one write-only input port (at offset 0) and a read-only output port (at offset 1). Operation of the device is as follows: data bytes are written to the input port, and are placed by the device on a stack, the top of which is read by reading from the output port. The sequence to correctly write two data bytes to the device then read those two data bytes back would be:

      /*
       * t and h are the tag and handle for the mapped device's
       * space.
       */
      bus_space_write_1(t, h, 0, data0);
      bus_space_barrier(t, h, 0, 1, BUS_SPACE_BARRIER_WRITE);  /* 1 */
      bus_space_write_1(t, h, 0, data1);
      bus_space_barrier(t, h, 0, 2,
          BUS_SPACE_BARRIER_READ|BUS_SPACE_BARRIER_WRITE);     /* 2 */
      ndata1 = bus_space_read_1(t, h, 1);
      bus_space_barrier(t, h, 1, 1, BUS_SPACE_BARRIER_READ);   /* 3 */
      ndata0 = bus_space_read_1(t, h, 1);
      /* data0 == ndata0, data1 == ndata1 */

  The first barrier makes sure that the first write finishes before the second write is issued, so that two writes to the input port are done in order and are not collapsed into a single write. This ensures that the data bytes are written to the device correctly and in order.

  The second barrier makes sure that the writes to the output port finish before any of the reads to the input port are issued, thereby making sure that all of the writes are finished before data is read. This ensures that the first byte read from the device really is the last one that was written.

  The third barrier makes sure that the first read finishes before the second read is issued, ensuring that data is read correctly and in order.

  The barriers in the example above are specified to cover the absolute minimum number of bus space locations. It is correct (and often easier) to make barrier operations cover the device's whole range of bus space, that is, to specify an offset of zero and the size of the whole region.

# REGION OPERATIONS

Some devices use buffers which are mapped as regions in bus space. Often, drivers want to copy the contents of those buffers to or from memory, e.g. into mbufs which can be passed to higher levels of the system or from mbufs to be output to a network. In order to allow drivers to do this as efficiently as possible, the `bus_space_read_region_N`() and `bus_space_write_region_N`() families of functions are provided.

Drivers occasionally need to copy one region of a bus space to another, or to set all locations in a region of bus space to contain a single value. The `bus_space_copy_N`() family of functions and the `bus_space_set_region_N`() family of functions allow drivers to perform these operations.

`bus_space_read_region_1`(space, handle, offset, datap, count)
`bus_space_read_region_2`(space, handle, offset, datap, count)
`bus_space_read_region_4`(space, handle, offset, datap, count)
`bus_space_read_region_8`(space, handle, offset, datap, count)

  The `bus_space_read_region_N`() family of functions reads count 1, 2, 4, or 8 byte data items from bus space starting at byte offset offset in the region specified by handle of the bus space specified by space and writes them into the array specified by datap. Each successive data item is read from an offset 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes after the previous data item (depending on which function is used). All locations being read must lie within the bus space region specified by handle.

  For portability, the starting address of the region specified by handle plus the offset should be a multiple of the size of data items being read and the data array pointer should be properly aligned. On some systems, not obeying these requirements may cause incorrect data to be read, on others it may cause a system crash.

  Read operations done by the `bus_space_read_region_N`() functions may be executed in any order. They may also be executed out of order with respect to other pending read and write operations unless order is enforced by use of the `bus_space_barrier`() function. There is no way to insert barriers between reads of individual bus space locations executed by the `bus_space_read_region_N`() functions.

  These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a panic. In that case, they will never return.

`bus_space_write_region_1`(space, handle, offset, datap, count)
`bus_space_write_region_2`(space, handle, offset, datap, count)
`bus_space_write_region_4`(space, handle, offset, datap, count)
`bus_space_write_region_8`(space, handle, offset, datap, count)

  The `bus_space_write_region_N`() family of functions reads count 1, 2, 4, or 8 byte data items from the array specified by datap and writes them to bus space starting at byte offset offset in the region specified by handle of the bus space specified by space. Each successive data item is written to an offset 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes after the previous data item (depending on which function is used). All locations being written must lie within the bus space region specified by handle.

  For portability, the starting address of the region specified by handle plus the offset should be a multiple of the size of data items being written and the data array pointer should be properly aligned. On some systems, not obeying these requirements may cause incorrect data to be written, on others it may cause a system crash.

  Write operations done by the `bus_space_write_region_N`() functions may be executed in any order. They may also be executed out of order with respect to other pending read and write operations unless order is enforced by use of the `bus_space_barrier`() function. There is no way to insert barriers between writes of individual bus space locations executed by the `bus_space_write_region_N`() functions.

  These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a panic. In that case, they will never return.

`bus_space_copy_1`(space, srchandle, srcoffset, dsthandle, dstoffset, count)
`bus_space_copy_2`(space, srchandle, srcoffset, dsthandle, dstoffset, count)
`bus_space_copy_4`(space, srchandle, srcoffset, dsthandle, dstoffset, count)
`bus_space_copy_8`(space, srchandle, srcoffset, dsthandle, dstoffset, count)

  The `bus_space_copy_N`() family of functions copies count 1, 2, 4, or 8 byte data items in bus space from the area starting at byte offset srcoffset in the region specified by srchandle of the bus space specified by space to the area starting at byte offset dstoffset in the region specified by dsthandle in the same bus space. Each successive data item read or written has an offset 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes after the previous data item (depending on which function is used). All locations being read and written must lie within the bus space region specified by their respective handles.

  For portability, the starting addresses of the regions specified by each handle plus its respective offset should be a multiple of the size of data items being copied. On some systems, not obeying this requirement may cause incorrect data to be copied, on others it may cause a system crash.

  Read and write operations done by the `bus_space_copy_N`() functions may be executed in any order. They may also be executed out of order with respect to other pending read and write operations unless order is enforced by use of the `bus_space_barrier`(function). There is no way to insert barriers between reads or writes of individual bus space locations executed by the `bus_space_copy_N`() functions.

  Overlapping copies between different subregions of a single region of bus space are handled correctly by the `bus_space_copy_N`() functions.

  These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a panic. In that case, they will never return.

`bus_space_set_region_1`(space, handle, offset, value, count)
`bus_space_set_region_2`(space, handle, offset, value, count)
`bus_space_set_region_4`(space, handle, offset, value, count)
`bus_space_set_region_8`(space, handle, offset, value, count)

  The `bus_space_set_region_N`() family of functions writes the given value to count 1, 2, 4, or 8 byte data items in bus space starting at byte offset offset in the region specified by handle of the bus space specified by space. Each successive data item has an offset 1, 2, 4, or 8 bytes after the previous data item (depending on which function is used). All locations being written must lie within the bus space region specified by handle.

  For portability, the starting address of the region specified by handle plus the offset should be a multiple of the size of data items being written. On some systems, not obeying this requirement may cause incorrect data to be written, on others it may cause a system crash.

  Write operations done by the `bus_space_set_region_N`() functions may be executed in any order. They may also be executed out of order with respect to other pending read and write operations unless order is enforced by use of the `bus_space_barrier`() function. There is no way to insert barriers between writes of individual bus space locations executed by the `bus_space_set_region_N`() functions.

  These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a panic. In that case, they will never return.

# READING AND WRITING A SINGLE LOCATION MULTIPLE TIMES

Some devices implement single locations in bus space which are to be read or written multiple times to communicate data, e.g. some Ethernet devices' packet buffer FIFOs. In order to allow drivers to manipulate these types of devices as efficiently as possible, the `bus_space_read_multi_N`(), `bus_space_write_multi_N`(), and `bus_space_set_multi_N`() families of functions are provided.

`bus_space_read_multi_1`(space, handle, offset, datap, count)
`bus_space_read_multi_2`(space, handle, offset, datap, count)
`bus_space_read_multi_4`(space, handle, offset, datap, count)
`bus_space_read_multi_8`(space, handle, offset, datap, count)

  The `bus_space_read_multi_N`() family of functions reads count 1, 2, 4, or 8 byte data items from bus space at byte offset offset in the region specified by handle of the bus space specified by space and writes them into the array specified by datap. Each successive data item is read from the same location in bus space. The location being read must lie within the bus space region specified by handle.

  For portability, the starting address of the region specified by handle plus the offset should be a multiple of the size of data items being read and the data array pointer should be properly aligned. On some systems, not obeying these requirements may cause incorrect data to be read, on others it may cause a system crash.

  Read operations done by the `bus_space_read_multi_N`() functions may be executed out of order with respect to other pending read and write operations unless order is enforced by use of the `bus_space_barrier`() function. Because the `bus_space_read_multi_N`() functions read the same bus space location multiple times, they place an implicit read barrier between each successive read of that bus space location.

  These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a panic. In that case, they will never return.

`bus_space_write_multi_1`(space, handle, offset, datap, count)
`bus_space_write_multi_2`(space, handle, offset, datap, count)
`bus_space_write_multi_4`(space, handle, offset, datap, count)
`bus_space_write_multi_8`(space, handle, offset, datap, count)

  The `bus_space_write_multi_N`() family of functions reads count 1, 2, 4, or 8 byte data items from the array specified by datap and writes them into bus space at byte offset offset in the region specified by handle of the bus space specified by space. Each successive data item is written to the same location in bus space. The location being written must lie within the bus space region specified by handle.

  For portability, the starting address of the region specified by handle plus the offset should be a multiple of the size of data items being written and the data array pointer should be properly aligned. On some systems, not obeying these requirements may cause incorrect data to be written, on others it may cause a system crash.

  Write operations done by the `bus_space_write_multi_N`() functions may be executed out of order with respect to other pending read and write operations unless order is enforced by use of the `bus_space_barrier`() function. Because the `bus_space_write_multi_N`() functions write the same bus space location multiple times, they place an implicit write barrier between each successive write of that bus space location.

  These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a panic. In that case, they will never return.

`bus_space_set_multi_1`(space, handle, offset, value, count)
`bus_space_set_multi_2`(space, handle, offset, value, count)
`bus_space_set_multi_4`(space, handle, offset, value, count)
`bus_space_set_multi_8`(space, handle, offset, value, count)

  The `bus_space_set_multi_N`() family of functions writes the 1, 2, 4, or 8 byte value value into bus space count times at byte offset offset in the region specified by handle of the bus space specified by space. The location being written must lie within the bus space region specified by handle.

  For portability, the address specified by handle plus the offset should be a multiple of the size of the data value being written. On some systems, not obeying these requirements may cause incorrect data to be written, on others it may cause a system crash.

  Write operations done by the `bus_space_set_multi_N`() functions may be executed out of order with respect to other pending read and write operations unless order is enforced by use of the `bus_space_barrier`() function. Because the `bus_space_set_multi_N`() functions write the same bus space location multiple times, they place an implicit write barrier between each successive write of that bus space location.

  These functions will never fail. If they would fail (e.g. because of an argument error), that indicates a software bug which should cause a panic. In that case, they will never return.

# RAW FUNCTIONS

Most of the `bus_space` functions imply a host byte-order and a bus byte-order and take care of any translation for the caller. In some cases, however, hardware may map a FIFO or some other memory region for which the caller may want to use untranslated access. Access to these types of memory regions should be with the following functions.

`bus_space_read_raw_2`(space, handle, offset)
`bus_space_read_raw_4`(space, handle, offset)
`bus_space_read_raw_8`(space, handle, offset)
`bus_space_write_raw_2`(space, handle, offset, value)
`bus_space_write_raw_4`(space, handle, offset, value)
`bus_space_write_raw_8`(space, handle, offset, value)

The `bus_space_{read,write}_raw_N`() functions take the same arguments and return the same types as their non-raw counterparts, but do not do any translation of the values.

`bus_space_read_raw_multi_2`(space, handle, offset, datap, size)
`bus_space_read_raw_multi_4`(space, handle, offset, datap, size)
`bus_space_read_raw_multi_8`(space, handle, offset, datap, size)
`bus_space_read_raw_region_2`(space, handle, offset, datap, size)
`bus_space_read_raw_region_4`(space, handle, offset, datap, size)
`bus_space_read_raw_region_8`(space, handle, offset, datap, size)
`bus_space_write_raw_multi_2`(space, handle, offset, datap, size)
`bus_space_write_raw_multi_4`(space, handle, offset, datap, size)
`bus_space_write_raw_multi_8`(space, handle, offset, datap, size)
`bus_space_write_raw_region_2`(space, handle, offset, datap, size)
`bus_space_write_raw_region_4`(space, handle, offset, datap, size)
`bus_space_write_raw_region_8`(space, handle, offset, datap, size)

These functions, unlike their non-raw counterparts, all take a u_int8_t pointer for the datap argument and a byte count for the size argument regardless of the access width being requested.

datap must reference a buffer that is correctly aligned for the access width being requested or the results are undefined.

size must be a multiple of the access width or the results are undefined.

In all other respects these functions are the same as their non-raw counterparts. Consult the documentation for those functions for further information.

# SEE ALSO

bus_dma(9)

# HISTORY

The `bus_space` functions were introduced in a different form (memory and I/O spaces were accessed via different sets of functions) in NetBSD 1.2. The functions were merged to work on generic “spaces” early in the NetBSD 1.3 development cycle, and many drivers were converted to use them. This document was written later during the NetBSD 1.3 development cycle and the specification was updated to fix some consistency problems and to add some missing functionality.

The OpenBSD development team added the *_raw_* API, and discarded the *_stream_* API.

# AUTHORS

The `bus_space` interfaces were designed and implemented by the NetBSD developer community. Primary contributors and implementors were Chris Demetriou, Jason Thorpe, and Charles Hannum, but the rest of the NetBSD developers and the user community played a significant role in development.

Chris Demetriou wrote this manual page.

Niklas Hallqvist did the *_raw_* API for OpenBSD.

February 6, 2022 | Debian