BOOT(8) | System Manager's Manual (i386) | BOOT(8)

# NAME

`boot`, `boot.conf` — i386-specific second-stage bootstrap

# DESCRIPTION

The main purpose of this program is to load the system kernel while dealing with the pitfalls of the PC BIOS architecture.

As described in boot_i386(8), this program is loaded by the biosboot(8) primary bootstrap loader and provides a convenient way to load the kernel. This program acts as an enhanced boot monitor for PC systems, providing a common interface for the kernel to start from.

Basic operations include:

- Detecting and switching between multiple consoles.
- Loading kernels from any device supported by your system BIOS.
- Loading kernels compressed by gzip(1).
- Passing system parameters queried from the BIOS to the kernel.
- Providing an interactive command line.

The sequence of its operation is as follows: initialization, parsing the configuration file, then an interactive command line. While at the command line you have 5 seconds to type any commands, if needed. If time expires, the kernel will be loaded according to the current variable settings (see the `set` command). If the kernel load fails, a second attempt is made with the timeout increased by one second. The sequence of `boot` operations is as follows:

1. Set up a protected mode environment which catches and reports processor exceptions and provides a simple protected-mode BIOS interface.
2. Probe for console devices, which includes the (default) PC VGA+Keyboard console (`pc0`) and up to four serial consoles (`com0` through `com3`) connected to the serial ports. Display messages to the default console about the devices found.
3. Detect memory. Conventional memory is detected by querying the BIOS. Extended memory is detected by probing page-by-page through the address space, rather than asking the BIOS; many BIOS's cannot report larger than 64M of memory. All memory found is reported to the default console device.
4. Probe for APM support in the BIOS. Display a message if support is present.
5. If the file /etc/boot.conf exists on the filesystem `boot` was loaded from, open and parse it. Lines beginning with the ‘#’ character, as well as whitespace at the beginning of lines, are ignored. The file may contain any commands `boot` accepts at the interactive prompt. Though default settings usually suffice, they can be changed here.

   boot.conf processing can be skipped, and the automatic boot cancelled, by holding down either Control key as `boot` starts.

6. The header line

   `>> OpenBSD/i386 BOOT [x.xx]`

   is displayed to the active console, where x.xx is the version number of the `boot` program, followed by the

   `boot>`

   prompt, which means you are in interactive mode and may enter commands. If you do not, `boot` will proceed to load the kernel with the current parameters after the timeout period has expired.

By default, `boot` attempts to load the kernel executable /bsd. If it fails to find the kernel and no alternative kernel image has been specified, the system will be unable to boot.

`boot` supports booting from softraid(4) RAID 1 and CRYPTO volumes.

# COMMANDS

The following commands are accepted at the `boot` prompt:

`boot` [[device:]image] [`-acds`]
  Boots the specified kernel image with any options given. If device or image are omitted, values from `boot` variables will be used.

  When selecting the device to boot from, `boot` makes no distinction between SCSI and IDE type drives; they are detected as ‘hd’ devices. Therefore, to boot kernel /bsd from slice ‘a’ on the first hard drive (irrespective of device type), specify “boot hd0a:/bsd”.

  `-a`
    Causes the kernel to ask for the `root` device to use.
  `-c`
    Causes the kernel to go into boot_config(8) before performing autoconf(4) procedures.
  `-d`
    Causes the kernel to drop into ddb(4) at the earliest convenient point.
  `-s`
    Causes the kernel to boot single-user.
`echo` [args]
  Displays args on the console device.
`help`
  Prints a list of available commands and machine dependent commands, if any.
`hexdump` addr size
  Show size bytes of memory at address addr.
`machine` [command]
  Issues machine-dependent commands. These are defined for i386 architecture:
  `boot`
    Boots the specified partition boot block in place of the original (MBR) boot block:

        machine boot hd0a

    Where a is the first MBR partition table entry, and d the last.

  `comaddr`
    Set the I/O base address for the serial port to be used as serial console.
  `diskinfo`
    Prints a list of hard disks installed on your system including: BIOS device number, and the BIOS geometry.
  `memory`
    If used without any arguments, this command will print out the memory configuration as determined through BIOS routines. Otherwise the arguments specify how to modify the memory configuration. They take the form of:

    =size[KMG]
    [+-]size@address

    Meaning to add(+), exempt(-) or limit(=) the amount of memory specified by size at the location specified by address. Both size and base address can be specified as octal, decimal, or hexadecimal numbers, as accepted by the strtoul(3) routine. Memory size may be suffixed by K or k, for kilobytes; M or m, for megabytes; and G or g, for gigabytes.

    The limit(=) option simply ignores any memory above the given memory limit. This is useful for testing kernels in an artificially constrained memory situation. For example, the following limits the kernel to using only memory below 64MB:

        machine mem =64M

    Memory segments are not required to be adjacent to each other; the only requirement is that there is real physical memory under the range added. The following example adds 32MB of memory right after the first 16MB:

        machine mem +0x2000000@0x1000000

    Another useful command is to withdraw a range of memory from OS usage (it may have been wrongfully reported as useful by the BIOS). This example effectively excludes the 15–16MB range from the map of useful memory:

        machine mem -0x100000@0xf00000

  `regs`
    Prints contents of processor registers if compiled with DEBUG.
`ls` [directory]
  Prints contents of the specified directory in long format including: attributes and file type, owner, group, size, filename.
`reboot`
  Reboots the machine by initiating a warm boot procedure.
`set` [varname [value]]
  If invoked without arguments, prints a list of variables and their values. If only varname is specified, displays contents of that variable. If varname and value are both specified, sets that variable to the given value. Variables include:

  `db_console`
    Boolean (0 or 1) to permit entry into the kernel debugger before the ddb.console sysctl gets effective.
  `debug`
    Debug flag if `boot`
  `debug`
    Debug flag if `boot` was compiled with DEBUG defined.
  `device`
    Boot device name (e.g., `fd0a`, `hd0a`).
  `howto`
    Options to pass to the loaded kernel.
  `image`
    File name containing the kernel image.
  `timeout`
    Number of seconds boot will wait for human intervention before booting the default kernel image.
  `tty`
    Active console device name (e.g., `com0`, `com1`, `pc0`).
`stty` [device [speed]]
  Displays or sets the speed for a console device. If changing the baudrate for the currently active console, `boot` offers you five seconds of grace time before committing the change to allow you to change your terminal's speed to match. If changing speed not for the active console, the baudrate is set for the next time you switch to a serial console. The baudrate value is not used for the `pc0` console.

  The default baudrate is 9600bps.

`time`
  Displays system time and date.

# FILES

/usr/mdec/biosboot
  first stage bootstrap
/usr/mdec/pxeboot
  PXE bootstrap
/boot
  system bootstrap
/etc/boot.conf
  system bootstrap's startup file
/bsd
  kernel image
/bsd.sp
  kernel image for single processor machines
/bsd.mp
  kernel image for multiprocessor machines
/bsd.rd
  kernel image for installation/recovery

# EXAMPLES

Boot the default kernel:

`boot> boot`

Remove the 5 second pause at boot-time permanently, causing `boot` to load the kernel immediately without prompting:

`# echo "boot" > /etc/boot.conf`

Use serial console. A null modem cable should connect the specified serial port to a terminal. Useful for debugging.

`boot> set tty com0`

Invoke the serial console at every boot:

`# echo "set tty com0" > /etc/boot.conf`

Boot the kernel named /bsd from the second hard disk in “User Kernel Configuration” mode (see boot_config(8)). This mechanism allows for the explicit enabling and disabling of devices during the current boot sequence, as well as the modification of device parameters. Once booted, such changes can be made permanent by using config(8)'s `-e` option.

`boot> boot hd1a:/bsd -c`

# SEE ALSO

gzip(1), autoconf(4), ddb(4), softraid(4), biosboot(8), boot_config(8), boot_i386(8), fdisk(8), installboot(8), pxeboot(8), reboot(8)

# HISTORY

This program was written by Michael Shalayeff for OpenBSD 2.1.

November 5, 2024 | Debian