I18N::LangTags::List(3p) | Perl Programmers Reference Guide | I18N::LangTags::List(3p)

# NAME

I18N::LangTags::List -- tags and names for human languages

# SYNOPSIS

      use I18N::LangTags::List;
      print "Parlez-vous... ", join(', ',
          I18N::LangTags::List::name('elx') || 'unknown_language',
          I18N::LangTags::List::name('ar-Kw') || 'unknown_language',
          I18N::LangTags::List::name('en') || 'unknown_language',
          I18N::LangTags::List::name('en-CA') || 'unknown_language',
        ), "?\n";

prints:

      Parlez-vous... Elamite, Kuwait Arabic, English, Canadian English?

# DESCRIPTION

This module provides a function I18N::LangTags::List::name( langtag ) that takes a language tag (see I18N::LangTags) and returns the best attempt at an English name for it, or undef if it can't make sense of the tag.

The function I18N::LangTags::List::name(...) is not exported.

This module also provides a function I18N::LangTags::List::is_decent( langtag ) that returns true iff the language tag is syntactically valid and is for general use (like "fr" or "fr-ca", below). That is, it returns false for tags that are syntactically invalid and for tags, like "aus", that are listed in brackets below. This function is not exported.

The map of tags-to-names that it uses is accessible as %I18N::LangTags::List::Name, and it's the same as the list that follows in this documentation, which should be useful to you even if you don't use this module.

# ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS

Internet language tags, as defined in RFC 3066, are a formalism for denoting human languages. The two-letter ISO 639-1 language codes are well known (as "en" for English), as are their forms when qualified by a country code ("en-US"). Less well-known are the arbitrary-length non-ISO codes (like "i-mingo"), and the recently (in 2001) introduced three-letter ISO-639-2 codes.

Remember these important facts:

- Language tags are not locale IDs. A locale ID is written with a "_" instead of a "-", (almost?) always matches "m/^\w\w_\w\w\b/", and means something different than a language tag. A language tag denotes a language. A locale ID denotes a language as used in a particular place, in combination with non-linguistic location-specific information such as what currency is used there. Locales also often denote character set information, as in "en_US.ISO8859-1".
- Language tags are not for computer languages.
- "Dialect" is not a useful term, since there is no objective criterion for establishing when two language-forms are dialects of eachother, or are separate languages.
- Language tags are not case-sensitive. en-US, en-us, En-Us, etc., are all the same tag, and denote the same language.
- Not every language tag really refers to a single language. Some language tags refer to conditions: i-default (system-message text in English plus maybe other languages), und (undetermined language). Others (notably lots of the three-letter codes) are bibliographic tags that classify whole groups of languages, as with cus "Cushitic (Other)" (i.e., a language that has been classed as Cushtic, but which has no more specific code) or the even less linguistically coherent sai for "South American Indian (Other)". Though useful in bibliography, SUCH TAGS ARE NOT FOR GENERAL USE. For further guidance, email me.
- Language tags are not country codes. In fact, they are often distinct codes, as with language tag ja for Japanese, and ISO 3166 country code ".jp" for Japan.

# LIST OF LANGUAGES

The first part of each item is the language tag, between {...}. It is followed by an English name for the language or language-group. Language tags that I judge to be not for general use, are bracketed.

This list is in alphabetical order by English name of the language.

{ab} : Abkhazian
  eq Abkhaz
{ace} : Achinese
{ach} : Acoli
{ada} : Adangme
{ady} : Adyghe
  eq Adygei
{aa} : Afar
{afh} : Afrihili
  (Artificial)
{af} : Afrikaans
[{afa} : Afro-Asiatic (Other)]
{ak} : Akan
  (Formerly "aka".)
{akk} : Akkadian
  (Historical)
{sq} : Albanian
{ale} : Aleut
[{alg} : Algonquian languages]
  NOT Algonquin!
[{tut} : Altaic (Other)]
{am} : Amharic
  NOT Aramaic!
{i-ami} : Ami
  eq Amis. eq 'Amis. eq Pangca.
[{apa} : Apache languages]
{ar} : Arabic
  Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {ar-ae} UAE Arabic; {ar-bh} Bahrain Arabic; {ar-dz} Algerian Arabic; {ar-eg} Egyptian Arabic; {ar-iq} Iraqi Arabic; {ar-jo} Jordanian Arabic; {ar-kw} Kuwait Arabic; {ar-lb} Lebanese Arabic; {ar-ly} Libyan Arabic; {ar-ma} Moroccan Arabic; {ar-om} Omani Arabic; {ar-qa} Qatari Arabic; {ar-sa} Sauda Arabic; {ar-sy} Syrian Arabic; {ar-tn} Tunisian Arabic; {ar-ye} Yemen Arabic.
{arc} : Aramaic
  NOT Amharic! NOT Samaritan Aramaic!
{arp} : Arapaho
{arn} : Araucanian
{arw} : Arawak
{hy} : Armenian
{an} : Aragonese
[{art} : Artificial (Other)]
{ast} : Asturian
  eq Bable.
{as} : Assamese
[{ath} : Athapascan languages]
  eq Athabaskan. eq Athapaskan. eq Athabascan.
[{aus} : Australian languages]
[{map} : Austronesian (Other)]
{av} : Avaric
  (Formerly "ava".)
{ae} : Avestan
  eq Zend
{awa} : Awadhi
{ay} : Aymara
{az} : Azerbaijani
  eq Azeri

  Notable forms: {az-arab} Azerbaijani in Arabic script; {az-cyrl} Azerbaijani in Cyrillic script; {az-latn} Azerbaijani in Latin script.

{ban} : Balinese
[{bat} : Baltic (Other)]
{bal} : Baluchi
{bm} : Bambara
  (Formerly "bam".)
[{bai} : Bamileke languages]
{bad} : Banda
[{bnt} : Bantu (Other)]
{bas} : Basa
{ba} : Bashkir
{eu} : Basque
{btk} : Batak (Indonesia)
{bej} : Beja
{be} : Belarusian
  eq Belarussian. eq Byelarussian. eq Belorussian. eq Byelorussian. eq White Russian. eq White Ruthenian. NOT Ruthenian!
{bem} : Bemba
{bn} : Bengali
  eq Bangla.
[{ber} : Berber (Other)]
{bho} : Bhojpuri
{bh} : Bihari
{bik} : Bikol
{bin} : Bini
{bi} : Bislama
  eq Bichelamar.
{bs} : Bosnian
{bra} : Braj
{br} : Breton
{bug} : Buginese
{bg} : Bulgarian
{i-bnn} : Bunun
{bua} : Buriat
{my} : Burmese
{cad} : Caddo
{car} : Carib
{ca} : Catalan
  eq Catalán. eq Catalonian.
[{cau} : Caucasian (Other)]
{ceb} : Cebuano
[{cel} : Celtic (Other)]
  Notable forms: {cel-gaulish} Gaulish (Historical)
[{cai} : Central American Indian (Other)]
{chg} : Chagatai
  (Historical?)
[{cmc} : Chamic languages]
{ch} : Chamorro
{ce} : Chechen
{chr} : Cherokee
  eq Tsalagi
{chy} : Cheyenne
{chb} : Chibcha
  (Historical) NOT Chibchan (which is a language family).
{ny} : Chichewa
  eq Nyanja. eq Chinyanja.
{zh} : Chinese
  Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media. Notable forms: {zh-hans} Chinese, in simplified script; {zh-hant} Chinese, in traditional script; {zh-tw} Taiwan Chinese; {zh-cn} PRC Chinese; {zh-sg} Singapore Chinese; {zh-mo} Macau Chinese; {zh-hk} Hong Kong Chinese; {zh-guoyu} Mandarin [Putonghua/Guoyu]; {zh-hakka} Hakka [formerly "i-hakka"]; {zh-min} Hokkien; {zh-min-nan} Southern Hokkien; {zh-wuu} Shanghaiese; {zh-xiang} Hunanese; {zh-gan} Gan; {zh-yue} Cantonese.
{chn} : Chinook Jargon
  eq Chinook Wawa.
{chp} : Chipewyan
{cho} : Choctaw
{cu} : Church Slavic
  eq Old Church Slavonic.
{chk} : Chuukese
  eq Trukese. eq Chuuk. eq Truk. eq Ruk.
{cv} : Chuvash
{cop} : Coptic
{kw} : Cornish
{co} : Corsican
  eq Corse.
{cr} : Cree
  NOT Creek! (Formerly "cre".)
{mus} : Creek
  NOT Cree!
[{cpe} : English-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
[{cpf} : French-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
[{cpp} : Portuguese-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
[{crp} : Creoles and pidgins (Other)]
{hr} : Croatian
  eq Croat.
[{cus} : Cushitic (Other)]
{cs} : Czech
{dak} : Dakota
  eq Nakota. eq Latoka.
{da} : Danish
{dar} : Dargwa
{day} : Dayak
{i-default} : Default (Fallthru) Language
  Defined in RFC 2277, this is for tagging text (which must include English text, and might/should include text in other appropriate languages) that is emitted in a context where language-negotiation wasn't possible -- in SMTP mail failure messages, for example.
{del} : Delaware
{din} : Dinka
{dv} : Divehi
  eq Maldivian. (Formerly "div".)
{doi} : Dogri
  NOT Dogrib!
{dgr} : Dogrib
  NOT Dogri!
[{dra} : Dravidian (Other)]
{dua} : Duala
{nl} : Dutch
  eq Netherlander. Notable forms: {nl-nl} Netherlands Dutch; {nl-be} Belgian Dutch.
{dum} : Middle Dutch (ca.1050-1350)
  (Historical)
{dyu} : Dyula
{dz} : Dzongkha
{efi} : Efik
{egy} : Ancient Egyptian
  (Historical)
{eka} : Ekajuk
{elx} : Elamite
  (Historical)
{en} : English
  Notable forms: {en-au} Australian English; {en-bz} Belize English; {en-ca} Canadian English; {en-gb} UK English; {en-ie} Irish English; {en-jm} Jamaican English; {en-nz} New Zealand English; {en-ph} Philippine English; {en-tt} Trinidad English; {en-us} US English; {en-za} South African English; {en-zw} Zimbabwe English.
{enm} : Old English (1100-1500)
  (Historical)
{ang} : Old English (ca.450-1100)
  eq Anglo-Saxon. (Historical)
{i-enochian} : Enochian (Artificial)
{myv} : Erzya
{eo} : Esperanto
  (Artificial)
{et} : Estonian
{ee} : Ewe
  (Formerly "ewe".)
{ewo} : Ewondo
{fan} : Fang
{fat} : Fanti
{fo} : Faroese
{fj} : Fijian
{fi} : Finnish
[{fiu} : Finno-Ugrian (Other)]
  eq Finno-Ugric. NOT Ugaritic!
{fon} : Fon
{fr} : French
  Notable forms: {fr-fr} France French; {fr-be} Belgian French; {fr-ca} Canadian French; {fr-ch} Swiss French; {fr-lu} Luxembourg French; {fr-mc} Monaco French.
{frm} : Middle French (ca.1400-1600)
  (Historical)
{fro} : Old French (842-ca.1400)
  (Historical)
{fy} : Frisian
{fur} : Friulian
{ff} : Fulah
  (Formerly "ful".)
{gaa} : Ga
{gd} : Scots Gaelic
  NOT Scots!
{gl} : Gallegan
  eq Galician
{lg} : Ganda
  (Formerly "lug".)
{gay} : Gayo
{gba} : Gbaya
{gez} : Geez
  eq Ge'ez
{ka} : Georgian
{de} : German
  Notable forms: {de-at} Austrian German; {de-be} Belgian German; {de-ch} Swiss German; {de-de} Germany German; {de-li} Liechtenstein German; {de-lu} Luxembourg German.
{gmh} : Middle High German (ca.1050-1500)
  (Historical)
{goh} : Old High German (ca.750-1050)
  (Historical)
[{gem} : Germanic (Other)]
{gil} : Gilbertese
{gon} : Gondi
{gor} : Gorontalo
{got} : Gothic
  (Historical)
{grb} : Grebo
{grc} : Ancient Greek
  (Historical) (Until 15th century or so.)
{el} : Modern Greek
  (Since 15th century or so.)
{gn} : Guarani
  Guaraní
{gu} : Gujarati
{gwi} : Gwich'in
  eq Gwichin
{hai} : Haida
{ht} : Haitian
  eq Haitian Creole
{ha} : Hausa
{haw} : Hawaiian
  Hawai'ian
{he} : Hebrew
  (Formerly "iw".)
{hz} : Herero
{hil} : Hiligaynon
{him} : Himachali
{hi} : Hindi
{ho} : Hiri Motu
{hit} : Hittite
  (Historical)
{hmn} : Hmong
{hu} : Hungarian
{hup} : Hupa
{iba} : Iban
{is} : Icelandic
{io} : Ido
  (Artificial)
{ig} : Igbo
  (Formerly "ibo".)
{ijo} : Ijo
{ilo} : Iloko
[{inc} : Indic (Other)]
[{ine} : Indo-European (Other)]
{id} : Indonesian
  (Formerly "in".)
{inh} : Ingush
{ia} : Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)
  (Artificial) NOT Interlingue!
{ie} : Interlingue
  (Artificial) NOT Interlingua!
{iu} : Inuktitut
  A subform of "Eskimo".
{ik} : Inupiaq
  A subform of "Eskimo".
[{ira} : Iranian (Other)]
{ga} : Irish
{mga} : Middle Irish (900-1200)
  (Historical)
{sga} : Old Irish (to 900)
  (Historical)
[{iro} : Iroquoian languages]
{it} : Italian
  Notable forms: {it-it} Italy Italian; {it-ch} Swiss Italian.
{ja} : Japanese
  (NOT "jp"!)
{jv} : Javanese
  (Formerly "jw" because of a typo.)
{jrb} : Judeo-Arabic
{jpr} : Judeo-Persian
{kbd} : Kabardian
{kab} : Kabyle
{kac} : Kachin
{kl} : Kalaallisut
  eq Greenlandic "Eskimo"
{xal} : Kalmyk
{kam} : Kamba
{kn} : Kannada
  eq Kanarese. NOT Canadian!
{kr} : Kanuri
  (Formerly "kau".)
{krc} : Karachay-Balkar
{kaa} : Kara-Kalpak
{kar} : Karen
{ks} : Kashmiri
{csb} : Kashubian
  eq Kashub
{kaw} : Kawi
{kk} : Kazakh
{kha} : Khasi
{km} : Khmer
  eq Cambodian. eq Kampuchean.
[{khi} : Khoisan (Other)]
{kho} : Khotanese
{ki} : Kikuyu
  eq Gikuyu.
{kmb} : Kimbundu
{rw} : Kinyarwanda
{ky} : Kirghiz
{i-klingon} : Klingon
{kv} : Komi
{kg} : Kongo
  (Formerly "kon".)
{kok} : Konkani
{ko} : Korean
{kos} : Kosraean
{kpe} : Kpelle
{kro} : Kru
{kj} : Kuanyama
{kum} : Kumyk
{ku} : Kurdish
{kru} : Kurukh
{kut} : Kutenai
{lad} : Ladino
  eq Judeo-Spanish. NOT Ladin (a minority language in Italy).
{lah} : Lahnda
  NOT Lamba!
{lam} : Lamba
  NOT Lahnda!
{lo} : Lao
  eq Laotian.
{la} : Latin
  (Historical) NOT Ladin! NOT Ladino!
{lv} : Latvian
  eq Lettish.
{lb} : Letzeburgesch
  eq Luxemburgian, eq Luxemburger. (Formerly "i-lux".)
{lez} : Lezghian
{li} : Limburgish
  eq Limburger, eq Limburgan. NOT Letzeburgesch!
{ln} : Lingala
{lt} : Lithuanian
{nds} : Low German
  eq Low Saxon. eq Low German. eq Low Saxon.
{art-lojban} : Lojban (Artificial)
{loz} : Lozi
{lu} : Luba-Katanga
  (Formerly "lub".)
{lua} : Luba-Lulua
{lui} : Luiseno
  eq Luiseño.
{lun} : Lunda
{luo} : Luo (Kenya and Tanzania)
{lus} : Lushai
{mk} : Macedonian
  eq the modern Slavic language spoken in what was Yugoslavia. NOT the form of Greek spoken in Greek Macedonia!
{mad} : Madurese
{mag} : Magahi
{mai} : Maithili
{mak} : Makasar
{mg} : Malagasy
{ms} : Malay
  NOT Malayalam!
{ml} : Malayalam
  NOT Malay!
{mt} : Maltese
{mnc} : Manchu
{mdr} : Mandar
  NOT Mandarin!
{man} : Mandingo
{mni} : Manipuri
  eq Meithei.
[{mno} : Manobo languages]
{gv} : Manx
{mi} : Maori
  NOT Mari!
{mr} : Marathi
{chm} : Mari
  NOT Maori!
{mh} : Marshall
  eq Marshallese.
{mwr} : Marwari
{mas} : Masai
[{myn} : Mayan languages]
{men} : Mende
{mic} : Micmac
{min} : Minangkabau
{i-mingo} : Mingo
  eq the Irquoian language West Virginia Seneca. NOT New York Seneca!
[{mis} : Miscellaneous languages]
  Don't use this.
{moh} : Mohawk
{mdf} : Moksha
{mo} : Moldavian
  eq Moldovan.
[{mkh} : Mon-Khmer (Other)]
{lol} : Mongo
{mn} : Mongolian
  eq Mongol.
{mos} : Mossi
[{mul} : Multiple languages]
  Not for normal use.
[{mun} : Munda languages]
{nah} : Nahuatl
{nap} : Neapolitan
{na} : Nauru
{nv} : Navajo
  eq Navaho. (Formerly "i-navajo".)
{nd} : North Ndebele
{nr} : South Ndebele
{ng} : Ndonga
{ne} : Nepali
  eq Nepalese. Notable forms: {ne-np} Nepal Nepali; {ne-in} India Nepali.
{new} : Newari
{nia} : Nias
[{nic} : Niger-Kordofanian (Other)]
[{ssa} : Nilo-Saharan (Other)]
{niu} : Niuean
{nog} : Nogai
{non} : Old Norse
  (Historical)
[{nai} : North American Indian]
  Do not use this.
{no} : Norwegian
  Note the two following forms:
{nb} : Norwegian Bokmal
  eq Bokmål, (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly "no-bok".)
{nn} : Norwegian Nynorsk
  (A form of Norwegian.) (Formerly "no-nyn".)
[{nub} : Nubian languages]
{nym} : Nyamwezi
{nyn} : Nyankole
{nyo} : Nyoro
{nzi} : Nzima
{oc} : Occitan (post 1500)
  eq Provençal, eq Provencal
{oj} : Ojibwa
  eq Ojibwe. (Formerly "oji".)
{or} : Oriya
{om} : Oromo
{osa} : Osage
{os} : Ossetian; Ossetic
[{oto} : Otomian languages]
  Group of languages collectively called "Otomí".
{pal} : Pahlavi
  eq Pahlevi
{i-pwn} : Paiwan
  eq Pariwan
{pau} : Palauan
{pi} : Pali
  (Historical?)
{pam} : Pampanga
{pag} : Pangasinan
{pa} : Panjabi
  eq Punjabi
{pap} : Papiamento
  eq Papiamentu.
[{paa} : Papuan (Other)]
{fa} : Persian
  eq Farsi. eq Iranian.
{peo} : Old Persian (ca.600-400 B.C.)
[{phi} : Philippine (Other)]
{phn} : Phoenician
  (Historical)
{pon} : Pohnpeian
  NOT Pompeiian!
{pl} : Polish
{pt} : Portuguese
  eq Portugese. Notable forms: {pt-pt} Portugal Portuguese; {pt-br} Brazilian Portuguese.
[{pra} : Prakrit languages]
{pro} : Old Provencal (to 1500)
  eq Old Provençal. (Historical.)
{ps} : Pushto
  eq Pashto. eq Pushtu.
{qu} : Quechua
  eq Quecha.
{rm} : Raeto-Romance
  eq Romansh.
{raj} : Rajasthani
{rap} : Rapanui
{rar} : Rarotongan
[{qaa - qtz} : Reserved for local use.]
[{roa} : Romance (Other)]
  NOT Romanian! NOT Romany! NOT Romansh!
{ro} : Romanian
  eq Rumanian. NOT Romany!
{rom} : Romany
  eq Rom. NOT Romanian!
{rn} : Rundi
{ru} : Russian
  NOT White Russian! NOT Rusyn!
[{sal} : Salishan languages]
  Large language group.
{sam} : Samaritan Aramaic
  NOT Aramaic!
{se} : Northern Sami
  eq Lappish. eq Lapp. eq (Northern) Saami.
{sma} : Southern Sami
{smn} : Inari Sami
{smj} : Lule Sami
{sms} : Skolt Sami
[{smi} : Sami languages (Other)]
{sm} : Samoan
{sad} : Sandawe
{sg} : Sango
{sa} : Sanskrit
  (Historical)
{sat} : Santali
{sc} : Sardinian
  eq Sard.
{sas} : Sasak
{sco} : Scots
  NOT Scots Gaelic!
{sel} : Selkup
[{sem} : Semitic (Other)]
{sr} : Serbian
  eq Serb. NOT Sorbian.

  Notable forms: {sr-cyrl} : Serbian in Cyrillic script; {sr-latn} : Serbian in Latin script.

{srr} : Serer
{shn} : Shan
{sn} : Shona
{sid} : Sidamo
{sgn-...} : Sign Languages
  Always use with a subtag. Notable forms: {sgn-gb} British Sign Language (BSL); {sgn-ie} Irish Sign Language (ESL); {sgn-ni} Nicaraguan Sign Language (ISN); {sgn-us} American Sign Language (ASL).

  (And so on with other country codes as the subtag.)

{bla} : Siksika
  eq Blackfoot. eq Pikanii.
{sd} : Sindhi
{si} : Sinhalese
  eq Sinhala.
[{sit} : Sino-Tibetan (Other)]
[{sio} : Siouan languages]
{den} : Slave (Athapascan)
  ("Slavey" is a subform.)
[{sla} : Slavic (Other)]
{sk} : Slovak
  eq Slovakian.
{sl} : Slovenian
  eq Slovene.
{sog} : Sogdian
{so} : Somali
{son} : Songhai
{snk} : Soninke
{wen} : Sorbian languages
  eq Wendish. eq Sorb. eq Lusatian. eq Wend. NOT Venda! NOT Serbian!
{nso} : Northern Sotho
{st} : Southern Sotho
  eq Sutu. eq Sesotho.
[{sai} : South American Indian (Other)]
{es} : Spanish
  Notable forms: {es-ar} Argentine Spanish; {es-bo} Bolivian Spanish; {es-cl} Chilean Spanish; {es-co} Colombian Spanish; {es-do} Dominican Spanish; {es-ec} Ecuadorian Spanish; {es-es} Spain Spanish; {es-gt} Guatemalan Spanish; {es-hn} Honduran Spanish; {es-mx} Mexican Spanish; {es-pa} Panamanian Spanish; {es-pe} Peruvian Spanish; {es-pr} Puerto Rican Spanish; {es-py} Paraguay Spanish; {es-sv} Salvadoran Spanish; {es-us} US Spanish; {es-uy} Uruguayan Spanish; {es-ve} Venezuelan Spanish.
{suk} : Sukuma
{sux} : Sumerian
  (Historical)
{su} : Sundanese
{sus} : Susu
{sw} : Swahili
  eq Kiswahili
{ss} : Swati
{sv} : Swedish
  Notable forms: {sv-se} Sweden Swedish; {sv-fi} Finland Swedish.
{syr} : Syriac
{tl} : Tagalog
{ty} : Tahitian
[{tai} : Tai (Other)]
  NOT Thai!
{tg} : Tajik
{tmh} : Tamashek
{ta} : Tamil
{i-tao} : Tao
  eq Yami.
{tt} : Tatar
{i-tay} : Tayal
  eq Atayal. eq Atayan.
{te} : Telugu
{ter} : Tereno
{tet} : Tetum
{th} : Thai
  NOT Tai!
{bo} : Tibetan
{tig} : Tigre
{ti} : Tigrinya
{tem} : Timne
  eq Themne. eq Timene.
{tiv} : Tiv
{tli} : Tlingit
{tpi} : Tok Pisin
{tkl} : Tokelau
{tog} : Tonga (Nyasa)
  NOT Tsonga!
{to} : Tonga (Tonga Islands)
  (Pronounced "Tong-a", not "Tong-ga")

  NOT Tsonga!

{tsi} : Tsimshian
  eq Sm'algyax
{ts} : Tsonga
  NOT Tonga!
{i-tsu} : Tsou
{tn} : Tswana
  Same as Setswana.
{tum} : Tumbuka
[{tup} : Tupi languages]
{tr} : Turkish
  (Typically in Roman script)
{ota} : Ottoman Turkish (1500-1928)
  (Typically in Arabic script) (Historical)
{crh} : Crimean Turkish
  eq Crimean Tatar
{tk} : Turkmen
  eq Turkmeni.
{tvl} : Tuvalu
{tyv} : Tuvinian
  eq Tuvan. eq Tuvin.
{tw} : Twi
{udm} : Udmurt
{uga} : Ugaritic
  NOT Ugric!
{ug} : Uighur
{uk} : Ukrainian
{umb} : Umbundu
{und} : Undetermined
  Not a tag for normal use.
{ur} : Urdu
{uz} : Uzbek
  eq Özbek

  Notable forms: {uz-cyrl} Uzbek in Cyrillic script; {uz-latn} Uzbek in Latin script.

{vai} : Vai
{ve} : Venda
  NOT Wendish! NOT Wend! NOT Avestan! (Formerly "ven".)
{vi} : Vietnamese
  eq Viet.
{vo} : Volapuk
  eq Volapük. (Artificial)
{vot} : Votic
  eq Votian. eq Vod.
[{wak} : Wakashan languages]
{wa} : Walloon
{wal} : Walamo
  eq Wolaytta.
{war} : Waray
  Presumably the Philippine language Waray-Waray (Samareño), not the smaller Philippine language Waray Sorsogon, nor the extinct Australian language Waray.
{was} : Washo
  eq Washoe
{cy} : Welsh
{wo} : Wolof
{x-...} : Unregistered (Semi-Private Use)
  "x-" is a prefix for language tags that are not registered with ISO or IANA. Example, x-double-dutch
{xh} : Xhosa
{sah} : Yakut
{yao} : Yao
  (The Yao in Malawi?)
{yap} : Yapese
  eq Yap
{ii} : Sichuan Yi
{yi} : Yiddish
  Formerly "ji". Usually in Hebrew script.

  Notable forms: {yi-latn} Yiddish in Latin script

{yo} : Yoruba
[{ypk} : Yupik languages]
  Several "Eskimo" languages.
{znd} : Zande
[{zap} : Zapotec]
  (A group of languages.)
{zen} : Zenaga
  NOT Zend.
{za} : Zhuang
{zu} : Zulu
{zun} : Zuni
  eq Zuñi

# SEE ALSO

I18N::LangTags and its "See Also" section.

# COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER

Copyright (c) 2001+ Sean M. Burke. All rights reserved.

You can redistribute and/or modify this document under the same terms as Perl itself.

This document is provided in the hope that it will be useful, but without any warranty; without even the implied warranty of accuracy, authoritativeness, completeness, merchantability, or fitness for a particular purpose.

Email any corrections or questions to me.

# AUTHOR

Sean M. Burke, sburke@cpan.org

2024-05-14 | perl v5.40.1