curs_addch(3) | Library calls | curs_addch(3)

# NAME

addch, waddch, mvaddch, mvwaddch, echochar, wechochar - add a character (with attributes) to a curses window, then advance the cursor

# SYNOPSIS

#include <curses.h>

int addch(const chtype ch);
int waddch(WINDOW *win, const chtype ch);
int mvaddch(int y, int x, const chtype ch);
int mvwaddch(WINDOW *win, int y, int x, const chtype ch);

int echochar(const chtype ch);
int wechochar(WINDOW *win, const chtype ch);

# DESCRIPTION

## Adding characters

The addch, waddch, mvaddch and mvwaddch routines put the character ch into the given window at its current window position, which is then advanced. They are analogous to putchar(3) in stdio(3). If the advance is at the right margin:

- The cursor automatically wraps to the beginning of the next line.
- At the bottom of the current scrolling region, and if scrollok(3) is enabled, the scrolling region is scrolled up one line.
- If scrollok(3) is not enabled, writing a character at the lower right margin succeeds. However, an error is returned because it is not possible to wrap to a new line

If ch is a tab, newline, carriage return or backspace, the cursor is moved appropriately within the window:

- Backspace moves the cursor one character left; at the left edge of a window it does nothing.
- Carriage return moves the cursor to the window left margin on the current line.
- Newline does a clrtoeol, then moves the cursor to the window left margin on the next line, scrolling the window if on the last line.
- Tabs are considered to be at every eighth column. The tab interval may be altered by setting the TABSIZE variable.

If ch is any other nonprintable character, it is drawn in printable form, using the same convention as unctrl(3):

- Control characters are displayed in the ^X notation.
- Values above 128 are either meta characters (if the screen has not been initialized, or if meta(3) has been called with a TRUE E parameter), shown in the M-X notation, or are displayed as themselves. In the latter case, the values may not be printable; this follows the X/Open specification.

Calling winch after adding a nonprintable character does not return the character itself, but instead returns the printable representation of the character.

Video attributes can be combined with a character argument passed to addch or related functions by logical-ORing them into the character. (Thus, text, including attributes, can be copied from one place to another using inch(3) and addch.) See the curs_attr(3) page for values of predefined video attribute constants that can be usefully OR'ed into characters.

## Echoing characters

The echochar and wechochar routines are equivalent to a call to addch followed by a call to refresh(3), or a call to waddch followed by a call to wrefresh. The knowledge that only a single character is being output is used and, for non-control characters, a considerable performance gain may be seen by using these routines instead of their equivalents.

## Line Graphics

The following variables may be used to add line drawing characters to the screen with routines of the addch family. The default character listed below is used if the acsc capability does not define a terminal-specific replacement for it, or if the terminal and locale configuration requires Unicode but the library is unable to use Unicode.

The names are taken from VT100 nomenclature.

ACS | ACS | acsc | Glyph
Name | Default | char | Name
ACS_BLOCK | # | 0 | solid square block
ACS_BOARD | # | h | board of squares
ACS_BTEE | + | v | bottom tee
ACS_BULLET | o | ~ | bullet
ACS_CKBOARD | : | a | checker board (stipple)
ACS_DARROW | v | . | arrow pointing down
ACS_DEGREE | ' | f | degree symbol
ACS_DIAMOND | + | ` | diamond
ACS_GEQUAL | > | > | greater-than-or-equal-to
ACS_HLINE | - | q | horizontal line
ACS_LANTERN | # | i | lantern symbol
ACS_LARROW | < | , | arrow pointing left
ACS_LEQUAL | < | y | less-than-or-equal-to
ACS_LLCORNER | + | m | lower left-hand corner
ACS_LRCORNER | + | j | lower right-hand corner
ACS_LTEE | + | t | left tee
ACS_NEQUAL | ! | | | not-equal
ACS_PI | * | { | greek pi
ACS_PLMINUS | # | g | plus/minus
ACS_PLUS | + | n | plus
ACS_RARROW | > | + | arrow pointing right
ACS_RTEE | + | u | right tee
ACS_S1 | - | o | scan line 1
ACS_S3 | - | p | scan line 3
ACS_S7 | - | r | scan line 7
ACS_S9 | _ | s | scan line 9
ACS_STERLING | f | } | pound-sterling symbol
ACS_TTEE | + | w | top tee
ACS_UARROW | ^ | - | arrow pointing up
ACS_ULCORNER | + | l | upper left-hand corner
ACS_URCORNER | + | k | upper right-hand corner
ACS_VLINE | | | x | vertical line

# RETURN VALUE

All routines return the integer ERR upon failure and OK on success (the SVr4 manuals specify only “an integer value other than ERR”) upon successful completion, unless otherwise noted in the preceding routine descriptions.

Functions with a “mv” prefix first perform a cursor movement using wmove, and return an error if the position is outside the window, or if the window pointer is null.

If it is not possible to add a complete character, an error is returned:

- If scrollok(3) is not enabled, writing a character at the lower right margin succeeds. However, an error is returned because it is not possible to wrap to a new line
- If an error is detected when converting a multibyte character to a sequence of bytes, or if it is not possible to add all of the resulting bytes in the window, an error is returned.

# NOTES

Note that addch, mvaddch, mvwaddch, and echochar may be macros.

# PORTABILITY

All these functions are described in the XSI Curses standard, Issue 4. The defaults specified for forms-drawing characters apply in the POSIX locale.

## ACS Symbols

X/Open Curses states that the ACS_ definitions are char constants. For the wide-character implementation (see curs_add_wch), there are analogous WACS_ definitions which are cchar_t constants. Some implementations are problematic:

•
  Some implementations define the ACS symbols to a constant (such as Solaris), while others define those to entries in an array.

  This implementation uses an array acs_map, as done in SVr4 curses. NetBSD also uses an array, actually named _acs_char, with a #define for compatibility.

- HPUX curses equates some of the ACS_ symbols to the analogous WACS_ symbols as if the ACS_ symbols were wide characters. The misdefined symbols are the arrows and other symbols which are not used for line-drawing.
- X/Open Curses (issues 2 through 7) has a typographical error for the ACS_LANTERN symbol, equating its “VT100+ Character” to I (capital I), while the header files for SVr4 curses and the various implementations use i (lowercase).

  None of the terminal descriptions on Unix platforms use uppercase-I, except for Solaris (i.e., screen's terminal description, apparently based on the X/Open documentation around 1995). On the other hand, the terminal description gs6300 (AT&T PC6300 with EMOTS Terminal Emulator) uses lowercase-i.

Some ACS symbols (ACS_S3, ACS_S7, ACS_LEQUAL, ACS_GEQUAL, ACS_PI, ACS_NEQUAL, ACS_STERLING) were not documented in any publicly released System V. However, many publicly available terminfos include acsc strings in which their key characters (pryz{|}) are embedded, and a second-hand list of their character descriptions has come to light. The ACS-prefixed names for them were invented for ncurses(3).

The displayed values for the ACS_ and WACS_ constants depend on

- the library configuration, i.e., ncurses versus ncursesw, where the latter is capable of displaying Unicode while the former is not, and
- whether the locale uses UTF-8 encoding.

In certain cases, the terminal is unable to display line-drawing characters except by using UTF-8 (see the discussion of NCURSES_NO_UTF8_ACS in ncurses(3)).

## Character Set

X/Open Curses assumes that the parameter passed to waddch contains a single character. As discussed in curs_attr(3), that character may have been more than eight bits in an SVr3 or SVr4 implementation, but in the X/Open Curses model, the details are not given. The important distinction between SVr4 curses and X/Open Curses is that the non-character information (attributes and color) was separated from the character information which is packed in a chtype to pass to waddch.

In this implementation, chtype holds an eight-bit character. But ncurses allows multibyte characters to be passed in a succession of calls to waddch. The other implementations do not do this; a call to waddch passes exactly one character which may be rendered as one or more cells on the screen depending on whether it is printable.

Depending on the locale settings, ncurses will inspect the byte passed in each call to waddch, and check if the latest call will continue a multibyte sequence. When a character is complete, ncurses displays the character and moves to the next position in the screen.

If the calling application interrupts the succession of bytes in a multibyte character by moving the current location (e.g., using wmove), ncurses discards the partially built character, starting over again.

For portability to other implementations, do not rely upon this behavior:

- check if a character can be represented as a single byte in the current locale before attempting call waddch, and
- call wadd_wch for characters which cannot be handled by waddch.

## TABSIZE

The TABSIZE variable is implemented in SVr4 and other versions of curses, but is not part of X/Open curses (see curs_variables(3) for more details).

If ch is a carriage return, the cursor is moved to the beginning of the current row of the window. This is true of other implementations, but is not documented.

# SEE ALSO

curses(3), curs_attr(3), curs_clear(3), curs_inch(3), curs_outopts(3), curs_refresh(3), curs_variables(3), putc(3).

Comparable functions in the wide-character (ncursesw) library are described in curs_add_wch(3).

2023-08-19 | ncurses 6.4